Which of the following factors contributes to soil erosion?

Soil erosion is significantly influenced by various natural and human-induced factors, and the correct answer identifies multiple key contributors. Water and wind are natural forces that can displace soil particles. For instance, heavy rainfall can lead to surface runoff, carrying away loose soil, while strong winds can erode soil in arid and semi-arid regions.

Deforestation is another critical factor leading to soil erosion, as it removes the protective cover provided by trees and vegetation that stabilizes the soil. When trees are cut down, the roots that hold the soil in place are lost, making the soil more susceptible to erosion. Lastly, certain agricultural practices, such as plowing or overgrazing, can lead to the loosening of soil and result in increased erosion, especially if sustainable practices are not followed.

In contrast, the other options do not contribute to soil erosion. Urbanization may initially seem like a factor, but it often involves the implementation of infrastructure to reduce erosion, such as drainage systems. Planting trees and wildlife conservation actively work against soil erosion by promoting soil stability and encouraging a healthy ecosystem.